IND--PAK WARS

                                                                        

                                   IND--PAK  WARS




                   The conflicts between India and Pakistan, often referred to as the **Indo-Pak Wars**, have shaped the geopolitical landscape of South Asia since the partition of British India in 1947. Below is a summary of the major wars and conflicts:




1. Indo-Pak War of 1947–1948 (First Kashmir War)



- **Cause**: Dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir after Partition. The Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to India, leading Pakistan to send tribal militias and troops.


- **Key Events**: 

  - Pakistan-backed forces invaded Kashmir, prompting India to airlift troops.

  - The war ended with a UN-mediated ceasefire in January 1949.

- **Outcome**: 

  - Kashmir was divided along the **Line of Control (LoC)**. 

  - India retained control of Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh; Pakistan held Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

  - The unresolved dispute led to ongoing tensions.





2. Indo-Pak War of 1965



- **Cause**: Pakistan launched **Operation Gibraltar**, infiltrating forces into Jammu and Kashmir to incite rebellion.

- **Key Events**: 


  - India retaliated with a full-scale offensive, leading to battles in Punjab and Kashmir.

  - The war ended after 17 days with the **Tashkent Agreement** (1966), mediated by the USSR.



- **Outcome**: 

  - No territorial changes, but heightened hostilities.

  - Both sides claimed victory, though the conflict weakened Pakistan economically and militarily.




3. Indo-Pak War of 1971



- **Cause**: Pakistan's brutal suppression of Bengali nationalists in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) led to a refugee crisis in India. India supported the Mukti Bahini (Bangladeshi liberation forces).

- **Key Events**: 



  - India launched a coordinated air, land, and sea campaign in December 1971.

  - Pakistani forces surrendered in Dhaka on **16 December 1971** (celebrated as **Vijay Diwas** in India).

- **Outcome**: 

  - Creation of **Bangladesh** as an independent nation.

  - India took 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war (later repatriated).

  - Cemented India's dominance in South Asia.





4. Kargil Conflict (1999)



- **Cause**: Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated Indian-administered Kashmir, occupying strategic heights in Kargil (Operation Badr).

- **Key Events**: 



  - India launched **Operation Vijay** to recapture the peaks (notable battles at Tololing and Tiger Hill).

  - Pakistan withdrew under international pressure, notably from the U.S.

- **Outcome**: 

  - India regained control of all territories.

  - Global criticism of Pakistan's nuclear brinkmanship (both nations had tested nuclear weapons in 1998).

  - Highlighted the risk of escalation in a nuclearized region.


Ongoing Tensions

- **Kashmir Dispute**: The core issue remains unresolved, with occasional skirmishes along the LoC.

- **Terrorism**: India accuses Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism (e.g., 2001 Parliament attack, 2008 Mumbai attacks).

- **Nuclear Standoff**: Both nations possess nuclear arsenals, making direct conflict riskier but also creating a fragile deterrence.


Key Agreements Attempting Peace

- **Simla Agreement (1972)**: Pledged bilateral resolution of disputes.



- **Lahore Declaration (1999)**: Aimed at nuclear confidence-building (undermined by Kargil).


- **Ceasefires**: Periodic truces, though violations


                     still the war going on

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